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by Harry W. Duckworth [article from Canadian Explorer, September 1998 with updates]
Among the Frasers who were prominent in Canada in the first generation after the Conquest, the merchants known as Simon Fraser senior, and Simon Fraser junior, both of Quebec, have remained somewhat mysterious. Simon Fraser senior first appeared as a retail merchant at Quebec in the mid-1760s. He may well have been a member of the old 78th Regiment of Foot, Frasers Highlanders, who, like so many others of that Regiment, had chosen to be demobbed in America. Over the next thirty years or more, he quietly prospered at Quebec, making some of his money by trading fish to the West Indies and bringing rum back, and the rest of it through his retail business in British manufactured goods. Sometime late in the 1790s Simon Fraser senior retired to Scotland. He was still alive there in 1804.
Simon Fraser junior
is a more colourful figure. He first appears in the fall of 1774, when a ship on
which he was travelling from Quebec to Dominica in the West Indies, the Lady Lovat, was
wrecked on Anticosti Island in the Gulf of St Lawrence, and he and his companions spent an
uncomfortable winter on that desolate shore. By
fall 1775 he was a partner in an aggressive Quebec business called Shaw and Fraser, which
made money selling rum to the British army during the American Revolution, but
overextended itself and was driven into insolvency at the end of that War. The failure of Shaw and Fraser brought down their
major London supplier, John Fraser of Achnagairn (1745-1825), who spent the next six years
recovering what money he could from the spiders web of debts and obligations that
Shaw and Simon Fraser had left in Canada. Simon Fraser junior later formed a new partnership in Quebec with an up-and-coming young Scotsman, John Young. From this partnership John Young built a fortune, but Fraser himself soon fell ill, and died in London in 1796. Simon Fraser junior probably never married, but formed a relationship with Mary (née Fitzgerald), widow of a sergeant of the 47th Regiment named William Whitman. Fraser bought a house for Mary Whitman in Quebec city in 1781, and perhaps other property; and they had two daughters, Nancy Fraser (born 1780) and Isabella Fraser (born 1782). Mary Fitzgerald Whitman, their mother died in 1791, aged 43, and the girls are found in the care of the administrators of their fathers estate, in 1797, as we shall see further below. W.S. Wallace,
historian of the Canadian fur trade, seems to have simply guessed that Simon Fraser senior
and Simon Fraser junior were father and son, but he stated it as a fact. A
census of Protestant males living at Quebec city about September 1775 does show Simon
Fraser junior, aged 23, and his partner William Shaw, aged 22, living in the house of
Simon Fraser senior, in the Market Place, Lower Town, but the age of Simon Fraser senior
is given as 36, showing he cannot have been the father of Simon Fraser junior. They probably were related, but how? The key to this question is a document dating from soon after the death in 1796 of Simon Fraser junior, by which Frasers brothers and sisters in Scotland gave Power of Attorney to the Canadian merchant and Fraser connection, Simon McTavish, to administer their brothers property in Canada. Curiously, this document was discovered by Mr. Paul Lessard in the course of his researches in the notarial records of Quebec, attached to the marriage contract of another Simon Fraser, of Ste. Annes this must be the result of an old filing error. The document names Simon Fraser juniors brothers and sisters as Alexander Fraser of Dell; John Fraser, Lieutenant, 53rd Regiment; Lillias Fraser, wife of Hugh MacDonald, Tacksman of Kinlochmoidart; Jean Fraser; Betsy or Elizabeth Fraser; and Ann Fraser, wife of Hugh Fraser Late tacksman of Erchite now of Balloan. With this definitive information the genealogist can leap across the Atlantic, and land safely in Stratherrick, the broad valley up behind Loch Ness that was part of the Barony of Lovat, and home to so many Frasers.
Alexander Fraser of
Dell (d. 1814), factor of the Estate of Lovat, was the son of Hugh Fraser of Kinbrylie
(the older name of Dell), a farm in Stratherrick. Thus
Simon Fraser junior of Quebec, Alexanders brother, must have been another son of
Hugh Fraser of Kinbrylie, and a member of an established Stratherrick family. Not much is known about the Frasers of Kinbrylie or Dell. The location of the farm itself is not absolutely certain. Alan B. Lawson, the historian of Stratherrick, identifies it with the modern place called Dell Farm, National Grid Reference NH490170, but this is in the parish of Boleskine, while Kinbrylie is known to have been in the next parish, Dores, though family graves are actually in Boleskine. The Frasers of Dell were evidently one of those new families that came into prominence in Stratherrick after the struggle for the Lovat Lordship between Simon Fraser and Mackenzie of Prestonhall had come to an end. In the beautiful Boleskine Old Churchyard, partway up the slope from Loch Ness, is the cluster of graves and wall plaques commemorating members of the Frasers of Dell, and two of the older members, John and Simon Fraser, are described on memorial plaques as sons to Dunchea. The Frasers of Dunchea were one of the old Stratherrick families, a junior branch of the most prominent among them, Clan William. The Frasers of Foyers were descended from Hugh Fraser, second natural son of Hugh Fraser of Lovat, later 1st Lord (c. 1436-1501), before his marriage to the daughter of Lord Glamis circa 1459; whereas the Frasers of Fairfield were descended from Thomas Roy, first natural son of Hugh Fraser of Lovat. From the second natural son, Hugh Fraser of Aberchalder, came the Frasers of Foyers, Kinmonavie, Dunchea, Drummond, Dalcrag, Kinbrylie (later known as Dell), Garthmore and Bunchegovie.] Ill outline what is known about the pedigree of the Frasers of Dell in a moment, but first, what can be said about the family of Simon Fraser senior, of Quebec? Various documents among the notarial records of Quebec provide clues. One states definitely that Simon Fraser junior was nephew to Simon Fraser senior - it was on the strength of this that Fraser senior, was granted curatorship of his nephews estate in 1796. Another document, from 1789, shows Fraser senior establishing a trust fund for another nephew, John Fraser, being a Boy, and has as yet got little or no Education but is at present in Mr Keiths school in this City of Quebec. This document names young Johns father as my said deceased Brother Hugh Fraser, leaving little doubt that Simon was a brother of Hugh Fraser of Dell. This John Fraser was evidently the brother of Simon Fraser junior who was
mentioned in the survivors list as a lieutenant in the 53rd Regiment of Foot - no
doubt having purchased his commission with the assistance of his wealthy uncle, Simon
senior. The Army Lists show John Fraser
entering the army on April 9, 1794, at the rank of ensign, then the most junior
commissioned rank in the British army. He was
promoted Lieutenant on September 7 1795, and is found among the lieutenants of the 53rd
regiment from 1796 to 1803, when he was the senior lieutenant. He disappears from the Army Lists after that, and
is not in the half-pay lists, indicating that he either died or sold his commission. His further history has not yet been discovered,
but he may have benefited from his uncle Simon Fraser, senior, retired to Scotland. Here, then, is what
little we know about the Frasers of Dell or Kinbrylie:
The history begins with Thomas Fraser of Kinbrylie, who in 1716 attacked a
house in Moray at the orders of Simon, Lord Lovat. In
1721, when a Bond of Confederation was signed between 26 representatives of the branches
of Clan William and the McTavish families of Stratherrick, Thomas Fraser of Kinbrylie was
one who signed, followed immediately by John Fraser, son to Dunichea.
This John Fraser seems to have succeeded Thomas, for John Fraser, Duncheas
son, is listed as tacksman of Kinbrylie in a rental of the Lovat estate dating from
1743. John died in 1751, and his wife
Christian, daughter of William Fraser of Balloan, died in 1753; both are buried at
Boleskine. Their children included Hugh Fraser (born about 1720, see next); Thomas Fraser
(born 1736); and probably, as we have seen, Simon Fraser senior, merchant of Quebec (born
about 1739). Hugh Fraser (1720?-1786), tacksman of Kinbrylie or Dell, married Isobel Chisholm (1735?-1792), niece of Mr. Chisholm of Chisholm; this marriage seems to be recorded in the Kilmorack parish register of 1750. They are buried at Boleskine. Their children included Simon Fraser junior of Quebec, and the list of his brothers and sisters already given. One of the daughters, Miss Ann Fraser, Dell, married Hugh Fraser, Erchite, in 1773, and the Dores register records the baptisms of eleven of their children: Elizabeth (1774-1791); Simon (born 1785); Isobel (1777-1790); Ann (born 1779); John (born 1781); Hugh (1783-1784); Hugh (born 1785); William (born 1787); Mary (born 1788); Angus (born 1790) and Alexr (born 1793).
The family continued at Dell for two more generations. Alexander Fraser of Dell (1763?-1814), son of Hugh Fraser of Dell, was factor of the Estate of Lovat, Archibald Frasers senior administrator in the district. A son of his, William Fraser of Dell (1810-1874), still held the tack of Dell in 1826, when he married Mary Fraser (1807-1869), daughter of William Fraser, tacksman of Borlum, and Christina McIntosh his wife. By 1835, one Robert Gentle was tacksman of Dores, so a Fraser was no longer on the property. William Fraser of Dell died in Aberdeen in 1874; his wife had died there five years earlier. A son of theirs, Hugh Fraser (1841-1900) spent 36 years in Ceylon, but did not forget his Highland roots, for a memorial stone that his wife erected at Boleskine mentions that he was Director of the Highland Society of London and Member of the Gaelic Society, among others. The two daughters of Simon Fraser junior also ended up in Stratherrick a natural place for their father to care for them, after their mothers death at Quebec in 1791. Their presence there is shown by a further group of documents, again a discovery of Paul Lessards, in the records of the Quebec notary Charles Voyer. These papers relate to the sale of a piece of property near Quebec, belonging to the estate of Mary Whitman. The sale itself was agreed on March 17 1803, and the two daughters ratified it by a document signed at Dell in Stratherrick on March 6 1804. Isabella (born 1782) was still unmarried, but Nancy (born 1780) was the wife of a member of the local Fraser establishment, Alexander Fraser of Dalcrag, tacksman of a property less than a mile NE of Dell farm. The name Dalcrag, as usual, is spelled various ways; this is the spelling on the modern Ordnance Survey maps. The Boleskine parochial register records the marriage of Ann Fraser "at Dell" and Alexander Fraser of Dalcrag on January 12 1799. So this was Nancy, daughter of Simon Fraser, junior (1752?-1796), and Mary Whitman (1748?-1791). She was not yet nineteen years old. The celebration of this marriage was perhaps muted in light of the fact that another woman, Janet Fraser, was already carrying Dalcrag's child - a daughter Katharine who was born on March 7 1799, also according to the Boleskine register. Little is known of
the Frasers of Dalcrag, and the few references are not enough to construct a continuous
pedigree. One Hugh Fraser of Dalcrag obtained a wadset of the property from Hugh,
Lord Lovat, in 1639, and he had a son Alexander of Dalcrag who died in 1680. The
Bond of Confederation of 1721, by which representatives of various branches of the Frasers
of Foyers undertook to live in peace with the Mactavishes of Stratherrick, included one
William Fraser of Dalcrag and his sons John and Thomas. William Fraser of Dalcrag,
perhaps the same, paid rent to the Commissioners of Annexed Estates in 1749. In 1763 one
James Fraser in Dunturcat, "nearest and lawful heir of Hugh Fraser of Dalcrag, his
great-grandfather", obtained title to a property called Ardochy in the Braes of
Stratherrick, which he promptly sold [Warrand, Some Fraser Pedigrees, p. 141; Mackenzie, History of the Frasers of Lovat, pp. 697-8]. There is then a gap of thirty years before another
Fraser "of Dalcrag" is mentioned: in 1794 Alexander Fraser of Dalcrag witnessed
the baptism of a son of Rev. Patrick Grant (1733?-1807), minister at Boleskine
(1770-1799). Alexander and Ann
(Nancy) Fraser of Dalcrag had six children, according to the Boleskine register: Simon
(born Nov 24 1799); Hugh (born Apr 29 1802); Jean (born May 11 1803); Isabella (born Nov
26 1805); Eliza (born Feb 17 1808); and Alexander (born Oct 15 1810). At present nothing more is known about this
family. Alexander Fraser was still tacksman
of Dalcrag in 1810, when the youngest child was born, but by 1826 the tack had been taken
over by a different Alexander Fraser. This Alexander
Fraser (1792-1870), married to Magdeleine McTavish, kept Dalcrag until 1838 at least, and
they had a large family. The births of five
of their children are recorded at Dores: Isabel (1817-1874); Alexander (1818-1892);
Christina (1819-1868); Magdalene (1821-1894) and Ann (born 1823). The births of six of their children are recorded
at Boleskine: Hugh (born 1826); Simon (1828-1893); John (born 1830); Donald (1832-1898);
Thomas (1834-1920) and Elizabeth (born 1838).
In 1841 this family emigrated to the colony of Victoria in Australia, where several Fraser
descendents are known. It seems a good guess
that the first Alexander Fraser of Dalcrag, and his wife Ann, Simon Fraser juniors
daughter, also left Stratherrick, and may well be discovered among the immigrants to
Canada or Australia of their generation. Perhaps
a reader somewhere already knows the answer.
At least three loose ends regarding Simon Fraser senior (born about 1739) and junior (born about 1752) still need to be cleared up. First, Simon senior was a cousin of Simon Fraser, seigneur of Matane (d. 1805), whose family connections, except for this reference, are completely obscure. Second, Simon senior was the cousin of Simon McTavish (1750?-1804), the guiding genius of the North West Company of Montreal. His portrait, attributed to John Hoppner, was likely painted between Dec 1793-May 1795 when McTavish was living in London. Simon McTavishs father was John McTavish (1701?-1774), tacksman of Garthbeg in Stratherrick and Lieutenant in the old 78th Regiment, Frasers Highlanders; Simons mother was Mary Fraser (1715?-1770), but her family is unknown. McTavish had business connections with Simon Fraser senior over at least twenty years, and mentioned him in his will. Third, one of the administrators of the estate of Simon Fraser junior was Peter Stuart of Quebec, described as fourth cousin of the deceased by marriage. The claimed
relationship must have been through Stuarts wife Jane Fraser (1755?-1816), daughter
of Ensign John Fraser, 60th Regiment, who had settled on land bought on 19 Jan 1765 from
Malcolm Fraser (1733-1815), seigneur of Mount Murray, Quebec, also a Lieutenant in
Frasers Highlanders. The word
cousin is imprecise in Scotland, as elsewhere, but it always means something. There are specific relationships yet to be
discovered about these early Frasers in Canada. Sources of information.
This Feature Page was posted May 27, 2001
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